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#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
template <typename k, typename v>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const pair<k, v> &p);
template <typename t> ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const vector<t> &vec);
template <typename k, typename v>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const map<k, v> &m);
template <typename k, typename v>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const unordered_map<k, v> &m);
template <typename t> ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const set<t> &s);
template <typename t>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const unordered_set<t> &s);
template <typename k, typename v>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const pair<k, v> &p) {
os << "(" << p.first << ", " << p.second << ")";
return os;
}
template <typename t> ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const vector<t> &vec) {
os << "[";
for (size_t i = 0; i < vec.size(); ++i) {
if (i > 0)
os << ", ";
os << vec[i];
}
os << "]";
return os;
}
template <typename t>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const vector<vector<t>> &vec) {
os << "[\n";
for (size_t i = 0; i < vec.size(); ++i) {
os << " " << vec[i];
if (i > 0)
os << ", ";
os << '\n';
}
os << "]";
return os;
}
template <typename k, typename v>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const map<k, v> &m) {
os << "{";
for (const auto &p : m) {
os << p.first << ": " << p.second << ", ";
}
os << "}";
return os;
}
template <typename k, typename v>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const unordered_map<k, v> &m) {
os << "{";
for (const auto &p : m) {
os << p.first << ": " << p.second << ", ";
}
os << "}";
return os;
}
template <typename t> ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const set<t> &s) {
int i = 0;
os << "{";
for (const auto &e : s) {
if (i > 0)
os << ", ";
os << e;
i++;
}
os << "}";
return os;
}
template <typename t>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const unordered_set<t> &s) {
int i = 0;
os << "{";
for (const auto &e : s) {
if (i > 0)
os << ", ";
os << e;
i++;
}
os << "}";
return os;
}
template <typename... Ts>
void debug_out(const std::string_view names, const Ts &...ts) {
size_t start = 0;
const auto print_single = [&names](size_t start, const auto &value) {
const auto end = names.find(',', start + 1);
std::cerr << names.substr(start, end - start) << " = " << value << '\n';
return end + 2;
};
((start = print_single(start, ts)), ...);
}
#define dbg(...) debug_out(#__VA_ARGS__, __VA_ARGS__)
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